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Monmouth
Welsh: Trefynwy
Agincourt Square
Monmouth  Monmouth shown within Wales
Population	8,547
OS grid reference	SO505125
Principal area	Monmouthshire
Ceremonial county	Gwent
Country	Wales
Sovereign state	United Kingdom
Post town	MONMOUTH
Postcode district	NP25
Dialling code	01600
Police	Gwent
Fire	South Wales
Ambulance	Welsh
EU Parliament	Wales
UK Parliament	Monmouth
List of places: UK • Wales • Monmouthshire

Monmouth

Monmouth is twinned with Carbonne, France and Waldbronn, Germany.

The name Monmouth is an English contraction of 'Monnow-mouth'. The Welsh name for the river, Mynwy, which may originally have meant "fast-flowing", was anglicised as Monnow. The town was originally known in Welsh as Abermynwy ("mouth of the Monnow"), replaced by Trefynwy ("Monnow town" - the initial m of Mynwy mutating in Welsh to f) by the 17th century.^[1] The name is pronounced by those who live in the area as 'Mon-muth'; in most of Wales it is pronounced as 'Mun-muth'.^{[citation needed]}

The medieval 13th century stone gated bridge at Monnow Bridge [2] is unique in Britain being the only preserved bridge of its design remaining. There is also a long bridge over the River Wye [3]. A feasibility study was made in 1999 by world-famous engineers Ove Arup and Partners (who led the engineering design of Sydney Opera House) for a new bridge further along from the Monnow bridge, but the scheme came to nothing, and instead a more neutral bridge crossing was built, opening on March 15, 2004, thus allowing the old bridge to become pedestrianised.^[2] This project has meant the demolition of the old cattle market.

Archaeological excavations undertaken by the Monmouth Archaeological Society on sites along Monnow Street have uncovered a wealth of information about the early history of the town. Indeed, the Council for British Archaeology have designated Monmouth as one of the top ten towns in Britain for archaeology.^[3]

Monmouth as an organised settlement dates back to the times of the Roman occupation of Britain and the conquest of Roman Wales. The Romans called it Blestium, and it was part of a network of Roman forts covering the region, linked via Roman roads to Abergavenny or Gobannium, Usk known as Burrium, later Isca Augusta at Caerleon and Glevum at Gloucester. Archaeologists and historians have found items of Roman pottery and Roman currency and coinage that date from that period.

The town appears in the Domesday Book, and for the 11th century and 12th century the town and surrounding areas were ruled by Norman French lords after the conquest of England by William the Conqueror in 1066. During this time, Monmouth Castle [4] was built, in 1067 under William Fitz-Osbern of Breteuil, Normandy, a significant castle builder, holding commanding views over the surrounding area from a sound defensive site. Initially it would have been a motte and bailey castle, rebuilt in stone and later refortified and developed over time.

A Benedictine priory [5] was also created in 1101,^[4] and it was traditionally there that Geoffrey of Monmouth - author of the Historia Regum Britanniae (History of the Kings of Britain) - gained his education. A fortified bridge [6] was built during the 13th century.

The Battle of Monmouth was fought in 1233 between the rebel forces of Richard Marshal, 3rd Earl of Pembroke, and a royalist force under John of Monmouth. The rebels carried the day and St Thomas' Church and Monnow Bridge were torched in the battle, which according to Glamorgan-Gwent Archaelogical Trust records took place beside the River Monnow on Castle Field, land today known as Vauxhall Fields. The battle was immortalised by an illustration by 13th century historian Matthew Paris, which shows Richard Marshal unhorsing Baldwin of Guisnes. The original is owned by Corpus Christi College, Cambridge.

The castle came into the possession of the House of Lancaster through the marriage of John of Gaunt to Blanche, a Monmouth based heiress. John of Gaunt strengthened the castle, adding the Great Hall.

In 1387, Henry V was born in Monmouth Castle in the Queen's Chamber within the gatehouse. The castle became a favourite residence of the House of Lancaster. Henry would win the Battle of Agincourt in 1415. Many parts of Monmouth, including the town's main square, are named after this battle.

During the rebellion of Owain Glyndwr between 1400 and 1412 Monmouth Castle and walled town was not attacked by Welsh forces, however skirmishes and battles were fought in the area, such as at Campston Hill when Prince Henry's men followed a retreating force of Glyndwr's, capturing the Welsh standard and killing the standard bearer, Ellis ap Richard ap Howell ap Morgan Llwyd. Other battles took place at nearby at Craig-y-Dorth, at Grosmont and Usk, such as the Battle of Pwll Melyn. Grosmont town was razed and Abergavenny and Crickhowell attacked.

In 1605, James I granted Monmouth a town charter by letters patent. The granting of the charter included the charge that the town "at all perpetual future times ... be and remain a town and borough of Peace and Quiet, to the example and terror of the wicked and reward of the good".^[5]

The layout of the town as depicted in Speede's map of 1610 would be easily recognisable to present day inhabitants, with the layout of the main axis from the castle via the main street, Monnow Street, to the bridge clearly visible. Monnow Street is a typical market street, in being wide in the middle (for those selling) and narrow at each end (to help prevent the livestock escaping).

In 1840 at Monmouth's Shire Hall, Chartist protestors John Frost, Zephaniah Williams and William Jones became the last men in Britain to be sentenced to be hanged, drawn and quartered after being found guilty of treason following riots in Newport that led to 20 deaths. The sentences were later commuted to transportation to Australia.^[6]

Four railways were built to serve Monmouth between 1857 and 1883; the Coleford, Monmouth, Usk and Pontypool Railway, the Ross and Monmouth Railway, the Wye Valley Railway, and the Coleford Railway. All of these closed between 1917 and 1964, since when Monmouth has been without rail services.^[7] One of the former lines has now been replaced by a major road, built along the same route. Monmouth's main railway station, known as Monmouth Troy, was offices for a timber yard for many years, but the building has now been dismantled and re-erected at Winchcombe railway station on the Gloucestershire Warwickshire Railway.^[8] The other station at Monmouth was Monmouth May Hill on the Ross and Monmouth Railway, built on the opposite bank of the River Wye to the town centre.

Apart from the comprehensive school with over 1,600 pupils, there are two independent schools - Monmouth School [7] (founded 1614) and Haberdashers' Monmouth School for Girls [8] (founded 1892). There are also several state primary schools, with most areas served by both infants' and juniors' schools.

The annual Monmouth Show has been held each year (traditionally on the last Thursday of August) since 1919 (when it was called the Monmouthshire County Show), though its history can be traced back further to 30 May 1857 when the 8th Duke of Beaufort and Sir Charles Morgan M.P. put up the funds for a Monmouth Cattle Show. Prior to that there had been an agricultural society in the town dating back to the 1790s, which held ploughing competitions.

The Savoy Theatre in Church Street, built on the site of the oldest theatre in Wales,^[9] functions as both a cinema and theatre. There are numerous public houses in the centre of Monmouth, including the Old Nags Head, the Queen's Head, the Punch House, the Griffin, the Gloucester, the Vinetree, the King's Head, the Three Horseshoes, the Green Dragon and the Gatehouse. Some of these hold pub quizzes and live music throughout the week.

Geoffrey of Monmouth, the Oxford-based cleric, born in 1090 and believed to be originally from the area, wrote Historia Regum Britanniae, the "History of British Kings".^[10]

Gilbert de Clare, Earl of Gloucester and Guardian of England, died at Monmouth Castle on December 7, 1295.^[11]

Henry III's second son Edmund Crouchback, the 1st Earl of Lancaster, added the Great Hall to house the royal courts at Monmouth Castle after being granted possession by his father, who also named him Steward of England.^[12]

King Edward II was briefly imprisoned at Monmouth Castle in 1326 after being overthrown by his wife Isabella and her lover Roger Mortimer, the Earl of March.^[13]

Monmouth Castle was a favourite residence of Henry Bolingbroke, the future Henry IV of England, who seized the throne from Richard II in 1399. Henry V (see below) was born there.

His son, Henry V – immortalised by Shakespeare for his victory at the battle of Agincourt over the French in 1415 – was born in Monmouth Castle in 1387 and brought up at Courtfield in nearby Lydbrook.^[14]

William Jones, a liveryman of Worshipful Company of Haberdashers from nearby Newland, founded the first of the town's grammar schools in 1614.

Oliver Cromwell visited Monmouth on his way to retake Chepstow Castle and lay siege to Pembroke Castle in 1648 during the Second Civil War.^[15]

St. Philip Evans, Jesuit priest and martyr, was born in the town and based at the nearby Catholic seminary at the Cwm, Llanrothal.^[16]

James Scott, 1st Duke of Monmouth, leader of the Monmouth Rebellion of 1685.

John Graves Simcoe, the first governor of Upper Canada and the founder of Toronto, lived at the Old Court in nearby Whitchurch.

Poets William Wordsworth, Samuel Coleridge, Alexander Pope, Thomas Gray and Robert Southey all visited and were inspired by the Wye Valley, along with Britain's greatest landscape painter JMW Turner and naval hero Horatio Nelson.

Admiral Horatio Nelson paid two visits to the town and approved a naval temple on the nearby Kymin Hill.^[17] The Nelson Museum, Monmouth is home to one of the largest collections of Nelson material, bequeathed to the town by Lady Llangattock (d. 1923), mother of Charles Rolls.

Victoria Cross hero Corporal William Wilson Allen is buried at Monmouth Cemetery.

HMS Monmouth was sunk with all hands on November 1, 1914, by German cruisers SMS Scharnhorst and SMS Gneisenau off the Chilean Coast at the Battle of Coronel.^[18] St Mary's Church, Monmouth, contains a memorial to the men who lost their lives and the church hosts an annual service in remembrance. Seven Royal Navy ships have been named after the Welsh town, including a Type 23 frigate launched in 1991 which is still in operation.

Charles Rolls, who lived at The Hendre near Monmouth and was co-founder of the Rolls-Royce company, was the first man to make a non-stop double crossing of the English Channel by plane. There is a statue of Charles Rolls in Agincourt Square.^[19]

Dave Edmunds, rock musician, lives in the town.^[20] He was instrumental in the conception of Rockfield Studios, situated just outside the town, where the band Queen recorded their hit single Bohemian Rhapsody, as did Oasis their multi-million selling album (What's the Story) Morning Glory? in 1995.

Jake Thackray, poet and singer-songwriter, lived in Monmouth for more than 20 years before his death in 2002.

Peter Thorneycroft, MP for Monmouth 1945-66, President of the Board of Trade under Prime Minister Winston Churchill and then Chancellor of the Exchequer under Harold Macmillan. He became Baron Thorneycroft of Dunston and was appointed Chairman of the Conservative Party by Margaret Thatcher from 1975-1981.

Among the ex-pupils of Monmouth School are politicians Lord Moynihan, Cliff Tucker and Derek Ezra, Baron Ezra, international rugby players Eddie Butler, John Gwilliam, Tony Jordan, Keith Jarrett and Richard Parks, international rugby referee Wayne Barnes, equestrian David Broome, champion horse-racing trainer Major Dick Hern, Glamorgan and England cricketer Steve James, pre-war Glamorgan captain Trevor Arnott (buried at Dixton Church), Allo Allo actor Richard Marner, Beatles film star Victor Spinetti, TV presenter Glyn Worsnip, TV doctor Mark Porter, BBC Wales TV presenters Phil Parry and Roger Pinney, rock musician Grant Nicholas, Moscow Olympics bronze medal rower Charlie Wiggin, Beijing Olympics silver medal rower Tom Lucy, and 11-time Cambridge Boat Race coach and world silver medal rower Robin Williams. A former pupil who found notoriety was John Vassall, naval attache to the British Embassy in Moscow, who was jailed for 18 years in 1962 for spying for the Russians.

Music conductor and author Jane Glover attended Haberdashers' Monmouth School for Girls. Other former pupils include TV news correspondent Charlotte Hume, BBC Wales TV presenter Frances Donovan, former Casualty actress Sandra Huggett, TV presenter Lisa Rogers, actress Zoie Kennedy, harpist Jemima Phillips and former Liberal MP and head of the RSPCA Jackie Ballard.^[21]

Wales and British Lion rugby player John Bevan, who played in the legendary 23-11 Barbarians defeat of the All Blacks in 1973, is the Monmouth School rugby master. Former school cricket coach Graham Burgess played 14 seasons for Somerset and was a county umpire until retiring at the end of the 2008 season.^[22]

Emma Stansfield, British actress who played Ronnie Clayton in Coronation Street from 2005 to 2006, is from the town.

Historian and TV presenter Professor Saul David is from Welsh Newton and was educated at Monmouth Comprehensive School.^[23]

Robert Plant of Led Zeppelin had a house, Argoed, in Penallt in the late 1970s and early 1980s.^[24] The house had previously been owned by the MP Richard Potter, the father of socialist reformer Beatrice Webb. She and her husband, socialist reformer Sidney Webb, would often stay at the house, and were occasionally visited by their friend, the playwright George Bernard Shaw.^[25]

Comedian Ken Goodwin and astrologer Russell Grant also lived in the area for a number of years.